The Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa) :: Botany

The brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa)The Brazil Nut is the issue of a tree that grows mostly half-baked in rainforests. Castanheiro do Para, which is the Brazilian name given to this tree, is found in many Amazonian states of Brazil, Peru, Columbia, Venezuela and Ecudor. It is most pervalent in the Brazilian states of Marahao, Mato Grosso, Acre, Para, Rondonia, and the Amazonas. The tree is enormous, Frequently attaining the height of 160 feet or more. The fruit is a large spherical woody capsule or pod and measures an average of six inches in diameter and can weigh up to 5 pounds. The fruit pods grow at the ends of thick branches, then ripens and falls from the tree from January to June. Inside each fruit pod is 12 to 25 Brazil nutty with their own indvidual shell(1).Brazil nuts are harvested at groves and in the wild. Plantations are being developed in various parts of the Amazon. Fazenda Aruana is the owner of a 12,000 hectare actor cattle ranch, partially converted to a Bra zil Nut plantation in 1980. By January of 1990, 318,660 Brazil nut trees were planted on 3341 hectares of land. Fazendas original engrossed was to plant Brazil Nut trees in a 20 by 20 meter grids and allow cattle grazing between the trees. The trees in the Aruana plantation are the result of grafting high yield clones from the region of Abufari Amazonas were Brazil nuts are know for their large fruits and seeds. As a result of fertilization from the same clones, the fruit production among clones has been low(2). Another danger in using so few clones is the ability to resist attack of disease and insects.The bulk of the Brazil nuts that are harvested are done so in the wild. They are harvested during a five to six month period in the rainy season. The fruits, ravish weigh from .5 to 2.5 kilograms and contain ten to twenty five seeds, are gathered immediately after they fall. This minimizes the chance of insect or fungal attack on seeds. Brazil nuts are also carried away by animals . The number of pods can range form 63 to 216 per tree(). Most of the pods gathered in the wild are sent down river to processing plants were they are opened out of the pod and packaged.The brazil nut has a major impact on local anaesthetic Amazonian economies. The numbers on total production are estimates due to the fact figures are hard to get from the Amazon.

Victor as the Monster in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Monsters can come in various physical forms, but either monsters share the same evil mentality. A Monster is a being that harms and puts fear inside people. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is a prime example of how mien does not determine whether a creature is a monster or not. In the story, schoolmaster Frankenstein tries to change nature by creating a super gay being. The being appears to be a monster. Victor amazes so obsessed with his creation and then rejects it. Victor is the real monster because of his desire for power, lack of respect for nature, and his stubbornness.Because of Victors need for fame and desire for power leads to Victor becoming a monster. Victor begins his quest to bring life to a dead person because he does not want anyone to feel the pain of a loved ones death. At first he is not obsessed with his project. As he moves along in the project he thinks about what will happen to him. Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of visible radiation into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its creator and source, many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. (Shelley 39) He realizes that he will become famous if he accomplishes the task of bringing a person back to life. The realization that he will become famous turns him into an obsessive monster. He precious to be admired, and praised as a species creator. He isolates himself from his family and works on the creature. I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. For this I deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation, but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust fill up my heart. (Shelley 156) By spending most of his time inside on his experiment, he has no time to write or contact his family. He puts fear within his family because they fear for him. Victor has a lack of respect for the natural world that leads him on the path to becoming a monster. In creating the monster Victor is attempt to change the natural world. He is trying to play the role of god by creating life.

Mind over Matter: The Unique Components of Womanhood & Depressive Disor

Abstract As I sat down to begin this re-write, I made sure to do unitary thing before diving back into the stack of compiled research I had gathered, I took one good deep breath. As I came towards the end of my exhale, I was hit with a realization there is unwavering power in positive cognitive embrace. And that one statement sums up pretty what this paper is about. along with conceptualizing the realities of depression and the many frameworks surrounding its existence, the primary goal of this paper is to discover the unique ways in which women can stand up to the symptoms of depressive disorders.The BasicsThe field of study Institute of Mental Health (2012) describes depression as a serious illness which also happens to be very prevalent within all populations. drop-off doesnt discriminate in regard to age, race, gender, or socioeconomic status. However through research, a clear distinction has been made, depression is being seen more and more in women as opposed to in men (201 2). A number of factors have been accredited with this trend among them include hormonal, biological, and affective differences (NIMH) in which are soap to women, and are not often seen in men. Indicating that there is a difference in how men and women experience depressive disorders is important but is only half the fight when it comes to developing effective and efficient treatments for this sometimes plagiarizing disorder.Current Psychological Research & StatisticsDepressive disorders, projected by the World Health Organization to be amongst the leading sources of illness-prompted disabilities in women by the year 2020 (as cited by Tanti & Belzung, 2011) Furthermore it is believed that more than 16% of the American population will experience ... ...033-295X.115.2.291Kelly, M. M., Tyrka, A. R., Price, L. H., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Sex differences in the use of coping strategies predictors of disquiet and depressive symptoms. Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269), 25(10), 839-84 6. inside10.1002/da.20341National Institute of Mental Health.(nd.) Depression Brochure. Retrieved from http//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-easy-to-read/depression-trifold.pdfTanti, A., & Belzung, C. (2010). Open questions in current models of antidepressant action. British Journal Of Pharmacology, 159(6), 1187-1200. doi10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00585.xMind over Matter10Weinberger, A. H., McKee, S. A., & Mazure, C. M. (2010). Inclusion of Women and Gender-Specific Analyses in Randomized Clinical Trials of Treatments for Depression. Journal Of Womens Health (15409996), 19(9), 1727-1732. doi10.1089/jwh.2009.1784

Knights and Thier Role In Medieval Society Essay -- European History

Knights and their role in medieval society.Knights were an integral part of medieval society. They originally began with primitive warriors such as the Mongols who fought on horseback for added speed and power, nevertheless quickly advanced to chivalrous gentleman such as the Normans. Much has been written about medieval knights with the most famous cosmos a series of legends about King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Arthur and his knights were the ultimate example of what a perfect knight should have been. They were brave and skilful in battle, but merciful to their enemies once vanquished. They were courteous to ladies, and never ate or drank to excess.Knights associated in groups which they called orders. They vowed loyalty to the king they fought under and formed military org...

Language Essay :: essays research papers

IntroductionTo awaken from the dream means recognizing the illusory nature of this constricted self concept and perception of the organic structure and mind, not as a means as of gasping at the ephemeral pleasures of the world or as a prison enclosing the self, but as an instrument for learning and communicating in various languages.Before the MoveTwo months before moving to New York, my friend William, thought he would be kind enough to warn me about the vast culture of the, Big Apple. William begins by telling me that I would not be able to survive the ethnic diversity and I would not be able to get a good paying job or housing because of my ethnicity. Well, was he very wrong. Since I commuted to and from New York three times, a week I decided to put in a transfer from the company I was employed with to work in their satellite office in New York. When speaking with Cindy, one of the customer service representatives already living and working in New York, I mentioned to her that I was relocating to the New York office but did not have a place to live. Immediately, Cindy who I did not meet at the time offered me full living quarters with all the amenities for a charge of $445.00 a month. Gleefully, I accepted without even looking at the place.Moving dayI had two oversized suitcases and my brother at my side, who kept telling me to, You can make it. Because I was somewhat familiar with my surroundings, it was no problem for me to jump on the E initiate from Manhattan to Queens, New York. It was not until my brother Jerry and I got to Jamaica Queens that Williams words replayed in my mind. You will not be able to survive the cultural diversity. thither were so many people from different cultural background gathered in one place ranging from Jamaican, Guyanese, Trinidadians, Indians, Hispanics, Caucasians, Blacks and Mexicans. They were shopping, walking, talking, waiting for the bus and catching the dollar vans, passing play to their different destinations .After I stood there for a moment (relieving myself of the shock), while almost getting knocked down, I called Cindy on my cell phone to let her see I had arrived at the arranged pick-up spot. Prior to that day, when speaking with Cindy, I never knew she masked her Trinidadian accent.

Language Essay :: essays research papers

IntroductionTo awaken from the dream means recognizing the illusory nature of this constricted self concept and perception of the body and mind, non as a means as of gasping at the ephemeral pleasures of the world or as a prison enclosing the self, but as an instrument for learn and communicating in various languages.Before the MoveTwo months before moving to New York, my friend William, thought he would be kind tolerable to warn me about the vast culture of the, Big Apple. William begins by telling me that I would not be able to survive the cultural diversity and I would not be able to get a good paying job or housing because of my ethnicity. Well, was he very wrong. Since I commuted to and from New York 3 times, a week I decided to put in a transfer from the company I was employed with to work in their satellite responsibility in New York. When speaking with Cindy, one of the customer service representatives already living and working in New York, I mentioned to her that I wa s relocating to the New York federal agency but did not have a place to live. Immediately, Cindy who I did not meet at the time offered me full living quarters with all the creature comforts for a charge of $445.00 a month. Gleefully, I accepted without even looking at the place.Moving dayI had two oversized suitcases and my brother at my side, who kept telling me to, You can make it. Because I was somewhat familiar with my surroundings, it was no problem for me to jump on the E train from Manhattan to Queens, New York. It was not until my brother Jerry and I got to Jamaica Queens that Williams words replayed in my mind. You will not be able to survive the cultural diversity. There were so some(prenominal) people from different cultural background gathered in one place ranging from Jamaican, Guyanese, Trinidadians, Indians, Hispanics, Caucasians, Blacks and Mexicans. They were shopping, walking, talking, waiting for the bus and catching the dollar vans, going to their different d estinations. afterwards I stood there for a moment (relieving myself of the shock), while almost getting knocked down, I called Cindy on my cell phone to let her know I had arrived at the arranged pick-up spot. Prior to that day, when speaking with Cindy, I never knew she masked her Trinidadian accent.

It’s Better To Live In A Small Town Than A Big City

Nowaday, People often see 2 selection for their vitality base. Some passel prefer to live in small townsfolk and Others prefer to live in the big urban center. I think one of the nearly important decisions that human absorb to take is to choose his living place where you can feel more comfortable,more suitable and happier. Peronally, I think setting down in modern big city is more beneficial. Through my try out I allow for analyze one of the most important reasons which is Chance of having a better carreer.Big cities has bigger market, companies or corporations are more famous so of course you can prevail more materialize to found a better move around . I have a same age friend. He study IT in an university in Thai Nguyen city , Its a city which smaller than Ha Noi capital. He gradational from a famous university moreover after(prenominal) 1 year in Thai Nguyen he still unemployed Because number of companies fewer means you will have less obtain. in that respect ar e too many student graduated from university each year nevertheless number of companies is only slightly increased.Many student together apply in to one company. Having too much CV of employees but employment in the company are limited so maybe you must to win nose candy of people,who applied together with you in order to have employment in the company and my close friend cant do that. After that I advice him to go to Ha Noi to find another chance and he agreed. He went to Ha Noi and applied to some companies. Amazing Having 3 companies want to contract with him after only 2 months.He contracted with FPT corporation and work as a Software Specialist about computer. Now he still work there and feeling very happy when being a FPTs staff. From this example we can see that there are more activities in big cities that help people to expose their chance. It is clear from the example that we can have better opportunities in big cities. In a nutshell, I am still positive living in big cit y is Hanoi where will allow me have better work chance. And I believe that many people will send away to here for the same reason.Its better to live in a small town than a big cityNowaday, People often have 2 selection for their living place. Some people prefer to live in small town and Others prefer to live in the big city. I think one of the most important decisions that human have to take is to choose his living place where you can feel more comfortable,more suitable and happier. Peronally, I think setting down in modern big city is more beneficial. Through my essay I will analyze one of the most important reasons which is Chance of having a better carreer.Big cities has bigger market, companies or corporations are more famous so of course you can have more chance to found a better work . I have a same age friend. He study IT in an university in Thai Nguyen city , Its a city which smaller than Ha Noi capital. He graduated from a famous university but after 1 year in Thai Nguyen he still unemployed Because number of companies fewer means you will have less chance. There are too many student graduated from university each year but number of companies is only slightly increased.Many student together apply in to one company. Having too much CV of employees but employment in the company are limited so maybe you must to win hundred of people,who applied together with you in order to have employment in the company and my close friend cant do that. After that I advice him to go to Ha Noi to find another chance and he agreed. He went to Ha Noi and applied to some companies. Amazing Having 3 companies want to contract with him after only 2 months.He contracted with FPT corporation and work as a Software Specialist about computer. Now he still work there and feeling very happy when being a FPTs staff. From this example we can see that there are more activities in big cities that help people to expose their chance. It is clear from the example that we can have better opportunities in big cities. In a nutshell, I am still positive living in big city is Hanoi where will allow me have better work chance. And I believe that many people will move to here for the same reason.

Curious Incident of a Family Break Up

Curious hazard of a family break up Mark Haddon expresses the importance of family relationships within society itself. He does this through the clear and perfect understanding of the deficiency and absence of love portrayed between his p atomic topic 18nts and himself. Christophers suffering of Aspergers syndrome is transparent towards his parents as they find it effortful to react to Christophers behavior.Both parents had to deal with Christophers persistent obsession with mathematics, numbers (prime numbers used through let out the beginning of every chapter) as their son is a single minded human being with and extraordinary talent faced upon factual data that only he can rule as legion(predicate) another(prenominal) cannot. Christophers mother is an beta factor among his vitality as he is told a lie from his father close his mother passing from cancer. But in fact from the hard troub take arguments from the relationship of his parents towards each other, Christophers ina bility to deal with adherence is a huge factor of why Mr. and Mrs.Boone are dictated apart. Christopher does not understand how affection works, which would mean that Mr. and Mrs. Boone do not obtain a romantic relationship to begin with. If Mr. and Mrs. Boone do not show affection towards each other, it is not setting a very good manakin towards Christopher. When Christophers mother wrote him, she said, We had a atomic reactor of arguments want that, and by the end we stop talking to each other because we knew it would end up as an argument and go no where. I felt really lonely (107). Mrs. Boone is giving an example of how she runs away from all her problems guide up to when she left Christopher.The stress of having to raise a child like Christopher drove her to leaving the family. Christopher can be troublesome and irritating in many ship canal because he is unable to show how he feels towards his parents, so they never make love how he is feeling. Also, he never knows ho w his parents are feeling. When Christophers mother said, Christopher, let me hold your hand, just for once. Just for me will you? I will hold it hard(194). Christopher told her that he did not like holding hands. It proves that he has no knowledge of what love means and affection towards your family. Also, Mrs.Boone said, I could not walk for one month, do you remember? Your father had to look after you. I remember looking at the two of you and seeing you two together and speak outing how you were really different with him. You were a lot calmer, and it made me sad, because it made the think that you did not need me at all(108). This abduce can be confusing, because it is portraying that Mrs. Boone as upset that Christopher did not need her, but yet she leaves the family because of the stress of her sick child. Mrs. Boone has a confusing way of showing affection, leading Christopher of not having a very good example of a mother.The lack of communication between Mr. and Mrs. Boon e and Christopher puts a tremendous amount of stress on the family because the Boones never know what Christopher may be thinking or wanting at that time. Mr. and Mrs. Boone has to adjust to his ways of communication making it difficult for other people to understand how he communicates. For example, when the officeholder grabbed Christopher, but they were never meaning to harm him(8). Christopher thought that by the policeman grabbing him they were trying to hurt him, when only they were trying to get his attention.Also, Christopher does not understand the importance of communication which means that i does not mean a lot of him. The Boones do not always know Christophers needs and wants. This leads up to Mr. and Mrs. Boone fighting over their views of what Christopher wants. Mrs. Boone would get very stressed out nearly not knowing what Christopher wants and just basically give up. Christopher can be a difficult child because he can sometimes not know when it is time to stop, an d that is what is making Mrs. Boone so stressed out. Christopher might think it is time to play when really Mr. and Mrs. Boone are wanting some quiet time to relax.Haddon persuades the important quality of Truth throughout the novel towards the direction of our society. Christophers obsession with truth is organized among the world through his perceptions on the basis. During the story as he feels secure, he needs order and certainty, and facts and logic provide this security. Christopher feels the need to be sca personnel casualty and yet shaky towards the things that didnt happen which makes him feel insecure etc. Metaphors are a language technique in which Christopher cannot understand. He believes metaphors bring lies towards society as they are false stories and fiction falls within the limits of lies.Christopher accepts similes as this technique provides truthfulness and they also emphasize the appearance of what two things have in common. With the acceptation of hard facts w ithin Christophers life he refuses to obtain the knowledge and believe of god and the afterlife. Christopher says that he cant tell lies. This is the way he truthfully copes with life itself and the imaginary events which fill him with the infinite number of things. Christopher then pushes the boundaries of lying to himself through continuing the investigation when he told people for example his father he would stop.His father then tends to find out with the quote of you knew exactly what you were doing. During the novel we find out as well as Christopher that his mother is true in fact alive. This is a great impact among Christopher as he hates lying as he quotes A lie is when you say something happened which didnt happen. Another quote is I do not tell lies. fetch used to say that this was because I was a good personit is because I cant tell lies. The repetition and usage of the word And creates a star of comforting and secureness for Christopher as well as a few number of rit uals.The usage of And provides Christopher with the ability to recount every information or incident he has accounted. As for me it is annoying to read but the fact that Christopher has a good memory for speech is observed. One of the rituals Christopher obsesses with is the observation of cars on the way to groom as he organizes them into red meaning good and brown and yellow meaning bad. He implies this to his normal day routine. So if he sees a red car he will have a good/normal day but if he sees a brown or yellow he knows his day isnt going to go too well. Mr. Jevons asked me whether this made me feel safe, having things always in nice order and I said I did The excuse he gives for using these rituals is formed on the scared and shaky responses which mean that his great need to impose order on a lack of a word is in use. Christopher believes telling the truth is an important aspect among lives as he is revealed that his father killed Wellington the dog and told him that his m other had passed which makes Christopher become very panicked of his father.Christopher flees in terror as he quotes he could murder me, because I couldnt trust him, even though he said, trust me, because he had told a lie about a big thing The composer achieves real aspects of telling the truth and telling a lie which happens on a normally unremarkable basis. Christophers constant need for attention pushes the Boones apart because they have no time for themselves. Mr. and Mrs. Boone revolve their lives around Christophers needy modus vivendi which led to them to spending every moment with Christopher. Mr.Boone says how he is going to get Christopher ready for his bath, change him, and get him ready for bed(115). This is an example of how he spends every moment revolving his life to Christophers need for help because of his disability. In the book, The Curious Case of the Dog in the Night-Time, Christopher display a long list of the things that his mother and father have to deal wi th on a daily basis with his disability(46). All of these things are responsibilities and other things that Mr. and Mrs. Boone have to keep on their minds through the day.Having an autistic child is like having a second job to Mr. and Mrs. Boone. Mr. Boone gives no attention to Mrs. Boone, because he is always pursuing his life towards the neediness of an autistic child. Mrs. Boone may the want attention from another male, leading her to putting all of her attention towards another lifestyle. This stressful lifestyle caused Mrs. Boone to leave and want to have another life of no worries or responsibilities. Also, Christopher says that he is loathsome about his parents getting a divorce because they have a child with behavioral problems(45,46).This explains one of the reasons why Mrs. Boone wanted out of the family because she wants to have children that do not give her such a headache every single day. Christophers confidence of truthful matter, in logic and facts, does not defend him from the real society. His many efforts to pursue the truth of Wellingtons murder results in the discovery of his understanding with the world as it is based on a lie. Christopher also learns that although he likes to have things in a nice order, real life is often very deranged, and he cannot always control this.By the end of the novel the composer achieves Christophers balance as he returns to normal life, he is regained both parents and has the knowledge that he has coped in difficult circumstances. Mark Haddon achieves the novel with great aspects of this and portrays the actual concerns among a society. Mr. and Mrs. Boone would have a much more suitable relationship if they would set their priorities straight, and make time for each other to be able to go out and have a romantic night together. Obviously, they did not have a romantic relationship, so that could have driven Mrs.Boone away from the family, along with the difficult lifestyle of raising Christopher. In conclusi on, Christopher lived a very spoiled lifestyle by being shown attention by his parents all his life. He could not help that he had to have attention shown towards him because of his disability, but it led to the miserable lifestyle between Mr. and Mrs. Boone. If they could have balanced out their schedules, Mr. Boone would not have had to lie to his child about his mothers death, when really she moved away while having an affair.

Globalization & Gender Inequality Essay

News reveals suggest that stinting giants from third world Asia namely China and India be expected to grow at the drift of 9. 7 and 6. 5 percent respectively. The GDP growth rate of these nations is much higher than that of any developed nation and hence are the two instantaneous growing economy of the world. China has at present become the factory of the world with large multinational companies infusing lots of money in establishing manufacturing units and India is now one of the study destinations for back office jobs and is the leading service sector economy.The process which has got its roots right from the beginning of 20th century with the beginning of economic cooperation between atomic add 63 and the United States later became synonymous with the word development in Far East Asian Countries including the ASEAN (The World Bank Group, 2000). But still this globalization has so far to make this world a better place to live. The concern related to the globalization proces s is the growth which is visible is actually more of mathematical in temper than the real cumulative growth.It might be taking place at the cost those who are less privileged (Kumar, 2007). The purpose of this paper is brass into the existence of gender inequality in the current scenario where globalization has made the whole world a village with each country having its own identity element and purpose in this world. Exchange of information and knowledge is perhaps the simplest in the history of mankind with details of culture of one state can comfortably be gathered for study, research as well as adoption.But when the matter of gender equality comes into throw then the globalization has miserably failed in making its impact. Developed nations as we all know have made great advancements in implementing the concept of gender equality while the other evolution and under-developed nations have miserably failed. As a whole in the developing nations including the eye East region, globalization has brought great increase in countrys GDP just now social structure of these nations have been far from with atrocities against women are almost similar prevalent in early 20th century (Ramji, 1997). publications Re vox populi The economic growth produced and as defined in above paragraphs has yielded results more in terms of mathematical or statistical in nature. The description of this economic growth in terms of increases in national income has actually undermines women and its contribution to the society. Various activities which are non directly related to economic nature are not macrocosm made a part of the national accounting system. Areas of work such as mothering or child-rearing and housework, socially constructed for women, are not included as work when national growth and GDP is being calculated.The UNDP Human Development base 1996 has concluded that the much propagated economic growth and its working out since 1980 recent decades show all too clearl y that there is no actual relation between economic growth and human development oddly females. The concept of Human Development Index (HDI) has been defined in order to calculate the average of the reachments a country undertakes when human capabilities are taken as the variable to measure. The term is being sub varied with smaller variables which includes life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, and real gross domestic product per capita i. e., the PCI which comes into picture when we consider GDP as one of the variable rather the most important variable (Ramji, 1997). The human society has been given a broad view including both men and women while calculating the development of the society as a whole and its multi sided presence. The actual calculation of improvement on domestic bird-scarer is being measured in terms improvement in human well-being taken along with economic growth targets. Feminist have been know to follow Walter Rodneys definition of development in whic h an individual and his faculty is given a level crafted out comparison with some standard value.The capability and its improvement imply the very increased skills and capacities enabling greater freedom over creativity coming out of self-discipline though responsibility and visible well-being. The definition go on emphasizing on the features that holds true in sense of moral categories and its evaluation over a nation depending on the row in terms of social origin, personal code for the classification of what is right and what is wrong and age in which one lives.At the level of a community, sustainable human development is defined in terms of the development that gives priority to the poor, enlarging their choices and opportunities and providing for their participation in decisions that affects their lives. This development is pro-people, pro-nature, pro-employment, and pro-women and not only generates economic growth but also distributes its benefits equitably thereby regenerat ing the cohesive environment which empowers people.But here the ambiguity comes along with segregated advancement towards women which is more gender gapped approach with facilitators enabling sustainable development programs that gives high priority to the poor with assumption being that the state of destitution is quite natural and any solution to achieve 100% poverty eradication is unrealistic. But the Human Development Report (1995, p4) has provided the feministic approach to poverty which suggest that almost 70% of total poor are actually women.The definition as of now used to consider poor as a whole but the reality across. But the reality negotiation of poverty among women are along with different parameter. It presents a very different picture and even in well to do families the condition of women is not good. In the paper by Vincent J. Bolt and Kate Bird, lack of resources and asymmetrical power relations often result in the discrimination of resources of the intra-househ old resources which include food, health care and cultureal activity (13).Even if the females manage to earn some money, their income is being considered as the household income and again they have face discrimination when it is being distributed (Bolt, 14). Poverty and lack of education has bared any practicable social renaissance. The birth of a male child is still considered as very important phenomena. This sometimes led to the birth of a number of girls when parents go on giving birth to babies till the birth of a male child.With already poor household and lots of mouth to hightail it and a male child, the female members are forced to sacrifice their share in every possible resource sharing (Bolt, 20). The Helsinki Process in its report has stated that families suffering with persistent poverty and hunger are more prone to disease and violence especially domestic violence (11). The report also states that these people perform distressingly on health index too. They are in continuous chain of disease, conflict and with poverty contributing a lot to epidemics of infection with all access to health care being blocked (Helsinki Process, 15).So its not a surprise if world full more than 500,000 women die annually in pregnancy with 99% being a part of developing but poor countries (Helsinki Process, 15). A family is always talked of being a unit of social system but in some part of western world and almost whole of Asia and Africa, the life of women and children is miserable because of conditions in the family itself. There have been some cases that family is rich. The male part comprising of father and son are financially sound but females condition is not just bad rather it is miserable.The family is seldom a unit. Distribution of resources is rarely equal. Females are given less food. All this leads to a condition where women are poor while their husbands or brothers or sons are not. But this is not the end of all sorts of oppressions. The newly searc hed form of household abuse is men afflicting their wife with HIV/AIDS virus. In most of the poor families, males migrate to cities in search of work and money. They get themselves affected with virus because of unprotected shake up. And when they return they finally transmit it to their wives.Due to this, number of innocent sufferers of this deadly virus is on increase with potential high enough to cause an epidemic (Jacobson, 41). Poverty and continuous domestic violence has its exercise not only on current generations but also on undermentioned generation because of children being regularly exposed to violent behavior. This actually opens a cycle of oppression and aggression with those children becoming more volatile and aggressive. Their chances of economic and academic successes get diminished to another(prenominal) low and will become another source of family and household abuse (Bloom, 16).Conclusion So technically there exist two causes of womens poverty the first one is absolute poverty while the second one is subordination within the family. When Globalization is talked about then with relevance to the women and men, it is basically a process presented in terms of economic and political paradigm through wide range of variables namely finance, investment, production and marketing that are being dominated by visionary banks and firms with actions spread across national borders and interests.But the thing globalization in terms of poor only presents another way of capitalism and monetary dominance with profiteering over two-a-penny labor and atrocities of poor. Extending the same when looked upon with women in view gives a more grim view. The males have been found to usurp the decision making control irrespective of the family ((Ramji, 1997). condition. The Middle East region and other South Asian regions are very much prone to these social problems. Males have been found to try their best to prevent all sorts of help and any attempt of abused to a ttain economic independence.These males are poor and are thrashed all over their lives initially during childhood and now by their employers. Their level of frustration is extremely high which finally lead to their wives and children who are now at the receiving end of their frustration. They are alcohol abused and finally abuse their family members (Bloom, 13). Wife beating is a regular feature in those families. These people are very much prone to high risk sex and they finally transmit all this to their wives (Bloom, 23). The wives have more in their life left. They can only hope some thing better in next life only.With most of these cases being a part of developing nations and war torn ones, the chances of getting justice is the least. They are abused on every possible ground and may become mentally unstable with effect being faced by the child they have born.Bibliography Bloom, Sandra L. , The PVS Disaster Poverty, Violence and Substance convolute in the Lives of Women and Chi ldren. September 2002. A Review of the Recent Literature Womens Law Project, 2002 . Empowering People at Risk Human Security Priorities for the 21st carbon. Helsinki Process. Robinson, M., Advancing the Human Development Agenda A Shared Responsibility, January, 2005. Third Forum on Human Development Cultural Identity, nation and Global Equity, Paris. Poverty and Violence. Bolt, Vincent J. & Bird, Kate. The Intrahousehold Disadvantages Framework A Framework for the Analysis of Intra-household Difference and Inequality, July 2003. Chronic Poverty Research Centre. Kumar, A. (2007). Does Foreign Direct enthronization Help Emerging Economies? Insights from the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, vol.2, no. 1 Security on Whose terms? If Men and Women are equal. Kevinna Till Kevinna Foundation. The NSDUH Report Youth Violence and illicit Drug Abuse, 2006, National Survey on Drug Use and Health Surviving Violence and Poverty A Focus on the Link between Domestic and Sexual Violence, Womens P overty and Welfare 2002. Now Legal and Education Fund Ramji, S. (1997) Globalization and sexual urge Inequality, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 The World Bank Group (2000), Assessing Globalization, Economic Policy Group and Development Economics Group

Introduction to Business Assignment Essay

AIM I restrain been requested by Peter Eskesen to look at both contrasting business organisations and one of who must operate in the atomic number 16ary/manufacturing industry and the other corporation must be a service supplier from the tertiary sector. I must then look at the activities that each of them fulfil and look at the effectiveness of them within each organisation. I decl ar decided to look at the activities of G. E lighting which is an American company and a direct division of the biggest company in the world G.E and the second company of which I cede decided to look at is Sainsburys who is amongst some of the most dominant market leading companies operating in the U. K in the supermarket sector. Both of the companies that I occupy decided to look at are both owned by dispenseholders which means that people have bought shares into them. even so having said that, as G. E lighting is an American company it means that it will not be listed on the London Stock Exchan ge exactly will alternatively be listed upon the New York stock exchange market.If a person wanted to buy shares in GE lighting then they would have to contact a broker. Furthermore, Sainsburys is also a Public Limited Company because it is like before, listed upon the London Stock Exchange. Today General Electric is make up of many departments/divisions. For example G. E Lighting in Enfield is part of a Global Business, which operates in over 100 worldwide countries and also holds prepare for over 300,000 people worldwide too. Television programming, Plastics and G.E Aircraft Engines for example, is the biggest engine maker and supplier in the world with operations in over 40 diverse countries. 1 On the next page you will find GEs product portfolio. Sainsburys supermarkets employ over 145,000 people (including Savacentre). Of these 145,000 people, 60% are part time based workers and 40% are full time workers. 62% of the labour forces are women which show that since the 19th Ce ntury equal opportunities have shifted and women have the same rights as men to be able to work.Furthermore, Sainsburys Supermarkets serves well over 11 million customers a week and as from whitethorn 2003, had 535 stores open throughout the UK. Nearly 60% of their stores are located upon town centres and others built on the edge of centre locations in the greenbelt areas where land is cheaper and have better connections. Like GE, Sainsburys also have sub divisions or Subsidiary companies that they own. For example the other activities that they operate or run besides Groceries, include a chain of Sainsburys Banks, Shaws, JS Development and Sainsburys Property Development.Shaws Supermarkets Inc. has been a completely owned Subsidiary of J Sainsburys plc since 1987 and partly owned since 1983. Shaws serves over four million customers a week, and as at May 2003 had 193 stores open in New England, USA. In June 1999, J Sainsburys plc acquired the entire share capital of Star Markets f or a total consideration of $497 million dollars which is the equivalent to i 313 million British pounds. Star Markets operates in the Metropolitan Boston area, upper-case letter DC.The acquisition took Shaws Supermarkets to the number 2 position in New England and as the dominant market leader in Houston, Massachusetts. Like Sainsburys Supermarkets, the US operations place an emphasis on high quality food at value for money prices, and are persistently recuperating and improving their range of sporting foods. The corporation offers approximately 50,000 different lines, up to 35,000 per store at any one time. Some 5,000 popular brand products account for 40 per cent gross sales and as at June 2003, Shaws employs some 28,400 associates.

A midsummer night dream

A Midsummer Nights Dream Shakespe be is one of the most well-known gatherwright and poet that the world has ever produced. Hes known for his ability to recapitulate the array of compassionate emotions in simple yet Intensely expressive verse. One of Shakespearean most popular plays, A Midsummer Nights Dream Is full of Intense feelings, tragic events and a happy ending. Literature can be appearlined as a comedy, day-dream, or a catastrophe. A Midsummer Nights Dream can beat be defined as a comedy.In literary sense, a comedy is a work which is principally designed to amuse and entertain, and where, despite problems during the narrative, all ends well for the characters (English Literature Dictionary). The play can be proven to be a comedy because of its humorous tone. The play features fairy magic, pranks and the performance of a play in spite of appearance the play by a group of fairies. The play even has trickery and disguise in it as well. Hernia and Alexander try to sneak off from A accordinglys to wed behind Geeses back.Also, Titanic and the nouns lovers have no Idea theyve been dazed by Oberon by the love-in-idleness flowers Juice. These examples given are what put A Midsummer Nights Dream under the literature category of a comedy. A romance Is traditionally, a long fictional prose narrative about unlikely events Involving characters that are very different from ordinary people. Nowadays the modern romance novel Is a prescribed love story, where boy meets girl, obstacles get in the management, they are then overcome and the couple live happily ever after (English Literature Dictionary).A Midsummer Nights Dream could also fit into this category because of the fairies that are in it. In the play the fairies experience unlikely events, like Titanic falling in love with Bottom as he as the head of an ass. Another substance the play could fit into this category would be how Hernia and Alexander are in love and are forbidden to be married. At the end o f the play the obstacle of them not being able to marry is overcome when they are invited by the fairies to go back and marry with the duke.The last category is tragedy. Tragedy Is defined as a serious play where the protagonist experiences a succession of misfortunes leading to a concluding, disturbing catastrophe usually for the protagonist (English Literature Dictionary). The way love Is defined In the beginning of the play is a tragic view. Segues goes to Theses demanding that he make Hernia marry Demerits, and not Alexander. Segues says, As she is mine, I whitethorn dispose of her. Which shall be either to this gentleman, or to her death. Even though this makes the play come off as a tragedy, the characters and situations do not allow for tragedy to aka over or take form in the plot. As a conclusion, A Midsummer Nights Dream best fits into the literary definition of comedy. It has some aspects of romance in it but comedy smothers the majority of the play. The beginning of the p lay can make A Midsummer Nights Dream seem that it will turn out to be a tragedy but again comedy takes over. A Midsummer Nights Dream Is a classic example of Shakespeare comedy. English Literature Dictionary. direction. Asia. Education Asia. ND. Web. 14 June 2014

Differences Between the Genders in Leadership Ability or Approach? Essay

To start, when people comp be various successful leaders such as Donald Trump, John Rockefeller, or Henry Ford, they always use haggling to describe their personalities such as being tough, diligent, competitive and ambitious. A persons personality is a set of unseen characteristics and processes that underlie a comparatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects or people in the purlieu. (Daft, 2011) These personality traits define the leader and we all know people disaccord in many ways leading to various styles of leading. Differences in personality, attitudes, determine and beliefs will influence how people interpret an assignment or a task. lead effectiveness is broadly based on the leaders personalities and attitudes while as come up how effectively they interpret protestences amongst employees. All of these factors affect the leader-follower interaction but will genders in leading affect the overall leadership ability or approach? I believe that t here ar differences in genders in leadership abilities and approaches.If leadership is based on personalities and attitudes, I strongly believe that there are differences in leadership abilities and approaches when considering male and female roles. When considering the traits of males compared to females as leaders, men traditionally are more aggressive and assertive than women. Males tend to be subjective to competing, while in general women prefer a far less competitive environment than men. Those traits can essentially lead to various different perspectives on leadership approaches in respect to gender. Male leaders tend to be more individualistic and prefer working in vertical hierarchies relying on formal authorities and positions in their dealings with subordinates. Female leaders tend to be more collaborative, and are more concerned for relationship building, inclusiveness, participation, and caring. (Daft, 2011) So generally the differences in male traits compared to fema le traits will cause different approaches towards leadership styles.Gender will also affect abilities based on assumptions to the highest degree the male and female traits. Research comparing leadership styles of women and men have been reviewed and there was evidence found for two presence and the absence of differences between the agitatees. Stereotypical expectations that women lead in an interpersonal oriented style and men lead in a task-oriented style, was found to be false. They found results that female and male leaders do not have differences in these two styles of organizational studies. However in the research that assessed the leadership styles was uniform with the stereotypic expectations about different aspects of leadership styles. In the tendency to lead democratically or autocratically women tended to adopt a more democratic or participative approach and a less autocratic or directive approach than did men. (Eagly & Johnson, 1990) These findings can represent an d can be interpreted in hurt of a loving role theory of sex differences.These stereo slips reveal that men are relatively dominant and controlling. There is a masculine mode of management characterized by qualities such as competitiveness, hierarchical authority, high control for the leader, and unemotional and analytic problem solving. (Loden, 1985) He also argued that women prefer and tend to behave in terms of an alternative feminine leadership model. This model is characterized by cooperativeness, collaboration of managers and subordinates, lower control for the leader, and problem solving based on intuition and empathy as well as rationality. He based his findings around the idea that women and men, including those who are managers in organizations, behave stereotypically to some extent. I would have to agree with this belief because men and women clearly act differently and the way they act will mirror the way they lead. There have been large numbers of laboratory and field studies performed by social psychologists based around female and male behaviors. Quantitative reviews of this research have established the presence rather than the absence of overall sex differences. (Hall, 1984)They also cogitate that these differences, although not that large, tend to be compatible to most other findings. There have also been findings that the level of power will directly affect the type of leadership one will show. There are reasonable assumptions that suggest that male and female leaders who occupy the same organizational role should differ very little. They assume that managers of both sexes are more concerned with managing effectively rather than about representing sex-differentiated features of social gender roles. Kanter argued that there are apparent sex differences when there is a product of the differing structural positions of the sexes within the organization. (Eagly & Johnson, 1990) Because women are more often in positions of little power or oppor tunity, they will behave in ways that reflect their lack of power. Eagly and Johnson concluded that a mete-analysis could provide more insight on leadership styles of males and females.The overall trends showed that women were more concerned with maintenance of interpersonal relationships and task accomplishment. The main difference found was that women tended to adopt a more autocratic or participative style while men the opposite. They tried to make distinctions about the differences in that first, women who have managed to succeed as leaders might have more highly developed interpersonal skills. Another explanation is that women are not accepted as readily as men as leaders and, as a result, have to allow input into their decision-making. Eagly and Johnsons results are corroborated by other research. Statham also found evidence of two sex-differentiated management styles. He reported that women used a more task-engrossed and person-invested style, while men use a more image-engro ssed and autonomy-invested style. (Moran, 1992)In a study focused on gender differences in communication introduces a possible explanation of different approaches. Tannen, the researcher, focused on how men and women had different experiences while growing up which lead to valuing different things. He concluded that men are taught to prize status, independence, and the power of community. All of these values lead men and women to behave in different ways. The field of gender differences in leadership styles is still and area with great questions with out answers.Even with various studies devoted to the topic of gender, there will always be unanswered questions. More and more researchers continue to examine issues regarding any innate differences between leadership styles of males and females. Currently, with the evidence provided, suggests that there are differences in gender leadership abilities and approaches. Although there are minimal differences, there are differences in males and females perspectives on leadership. We can realize that there are different leaders with different leadership styles, but we cant automatically associate one style to a particular gender. men and women alike will be faced with challenges and will need to develop the correct leadership styles to become a successful leader.ReferencesDaft, R. (2011). The leadership experience. (5e ed., pp. 99-125, 341-344). Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning.Eagly , Alice H. and Johnson, Blair T., Gender and leadership Style A Meta-Analysis (1990).CHIP Documents. Paper 11. http//digitalcommons.uconn.edu/chip_docs/11Eagly, A. H., & Johndon, B. T. (1990) Gender and leadership style. Psychological Bulletin 108 (2), 233-256 Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (in press). Explaining sex differences in social behavior A recta-analytic perspective. Personality and societal Psy-chology Bulletin. Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences Communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore, MD Johns Ho pkins University Loden, M. (1985). Feminine leadership or how to succeed in business without being one of the boys. overbold York Times Books. Mandell, B., & Pherwani, S. (2003). Relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style A gender comparison . Springer, Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(3), 387-404.

Math and Psychology

The Use of Statistics in Psychology Author The single-valued function of a Psychologist I retrieve the role of a psychologist is to help people understand the underlying start of abnormal or detrimental behavior and give them the tools to modify or change the behavior or the underlying issues. Statistics is the study, collection, organization and interpretation of selective information. My first thought when I read that I needed to mother a bun in the oven a course in statistics to extend my bachelors degree in psychology, was Why do I have to take a course in statistics and what does that have to do with wanting to help people? I could not believe there was a reason to use a form of math out-of-door of the math needed to run a normal business. I was planning to use an accountant for that expression of math, so why did I need to know anything beyond the basics? Where was the correlation between statistics, of solely things, and psychology? My first psychology instructor, as sured us that statistics was a necessary tool to a psychologist and that as we went further in the course, we would learn more about how to use that tool. I decided to reserve myI believe there are two main uses for statistics in the field of psychology. ? I believe statistical data is utilise in psychological search. For instance it may be used to resultant a hypothesis. It is used to determine if the hypothesis is proven to be true or false. In other words, statistics may be used as a scientific way of answering some questions. ? An example of this in psychology might be the hypothesis that an do by child may evoke up to abuse their children unless they get some sort of counseling.Statistical data taken from 300 psychologist case files shows that of the 300 abused children, 190 of them had at least 1 parent who was abused as a child. Additionally, in 72 cases both parents had been abused as children. Of the 300 cases, only 32 children had parents who either had not been abuse d as children or who declined to answer the question. I feel this study shows world-shaking statistical data that the hypothesis that abused children may grow up to abuse their children without some sort of counseling is true. The second use of statistical data in the field of psychology is by the clinical psychologist. A clinical psychologist must review published research studies to keep abreast of the latest scientific information that may pertain to their cases. These studies provide statistical synopsis of the data and in some cases how issues were resolved. If a treatment is successful in a statistically significant number of cases, it might be a treatment that is implemented in a similar case.To three-fold a expression of Ratatouille Lets take a look at the ingredients for the original recipe 2 cups diced peeled eggplant 2 cups sliced zucchini 1/2 teaspoon brininess 1 1/3 cups uncooked spiral pasta 1 cup sliced onion plant 1 tablespoon olive oil 1 (14. 5 oun ce) can diced tomatoes, undrained 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 teaspoon dried oregano 1/2 teaspoon garlic grind 1/2 teaspoon dried basil Dash pepper 1 cup rip up part-skim mozzarella cheeseTo double the quantities of items with a whole number amount is easy, but what about those fractions? Lets focus on the 1 1/3 cups uncooked spiral pasta. To double that, we multiply by 2. 1 1/3 x 2 Change each fractional amount to an improper fraction. = 4/3 x 2/1 Multiply numerator times numerator and denominator times denominator to get = 8/3 Now simplify. = 2 2/3 cups of pasta References Ratatouille Pasta. (2009). Allrecipes. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http//allrecipes. com/Recipe/RatatouillePasta/Detail. aspx

Military Operations

The role of the officer in the armed forces is to go away leadership for all featal commands. Military officers atomic number 18 expected to command the managerial, executive, scientific and technical centers of upper-level military operations. In the U. S. Army, the officer will command a fort or a brigade. In the Navy, he or she will command a ship, submarine, or aircraft squadron. In the Air Force, officers command aloofness shuttles or engineering, airlift wing, medical staff, or logistics centers.In the Marines, they command operations and training, plans and budget, or enlisted processing stations. In the Coast Guard, they can be chief of training, executive officers, or public affairs or peremptory officer of a cutter. Being all that you can be means performing any takings of tasks. Whichever of the five branches of the United States Armed forces (Army, Navy, Marines, Air Forces, or Coast Guard) you choose to join, prepare yourself for more than a buzz-cut and target pr actice.Officers are leaders, organizers, strategists, and managers whose duties entail enormous responsibilities. Each branch of the armed forces has particular tasks. The Army is in charge of land-based defense initiatives. The Air Force supervises space and air defense. While the Navy flies the stick upon the seas, the Marine Corps provides them with land support. The Coast Guard plays a dual role. In peacetime, it works for the incision of Transportation, controlling access to American shores. The moment war breaks stunned, the Coast Guard works alongside of the Navy. many of the responsibilities inherent in a chosen military career are obvious, such as foot race a nuclear submarine or commanding a platoon of demolition specialists. Less obvious, but clean as important, are he various clerical and managerial tasks that are essential to the smooth operation of our national defense and international peacekeeping. Because of military officers versatility, training, and skills, they are valued in the civilian world. Many power officers find themselves in great demand at some of Americas largest corporation.Department of Transportation, controlling access to American shores. The moment war breaks out, the Coast Guard works alongside of the Navy. Some of the responsibilities inherent in a chosen military career are obvious, such as running a nuclear ubmarine or commanding a platoon of demolition specialists. Less obvious, but just as important, are the various clerical and managerial tasks that are essential to the smooth operation of our national defense and international peacekeeping.Because of military officers versatility, training, and skills, they are valued in the civilian world. Many former officers find themselves in great demand at some of Americas largest corporation Pay and benefits are based on rank and cumulative years of service. For example, the impudently commissioned Second Lieutenant or Ensign can expect on average a base salary of 26,00 0 per year. Further, this salary is augmented by allowances for living quarters, subsistence, and various hazardous duty incentives.For example, in the U. S. Navy an officers salary can be supplemented by either sea pay, submarine pay, or line pay, depending on the career path. Overall, the armed forces offer a salary structure that is competitive with private industry. The perks admit extensive travel and health-care benefits, as well as family-oriented services like day care, job security, and a decent pension after a relatively short career. Of ourse, the gratitude our nation shows its soldiers cannot be left out of the package.Benefits available to members of the armed forces compare favorably to those in the civilian work force. Some examples are opportunities for passing advanced training and education with full salary, early high-level management responsibilities, medical and dental care, 30 days of paid yearly vacation, moving allowances, shopping privileges at exchanges and commissaries, membership affiliation with officer clubs, a dynamic retirement program, and fringe benefits that offer long-range security for both career.

Human Resources: Global Mobility

Introduction, Background and Key Problems identify In an increasingly external world, the select for the workforce to become more than mobile, both physic ally and mentally, with the willingness to rifle internationalisticly as well as universeness prep bed to converse and work in international environments has become paramount. The issue here is to consider the way in which the HR function can struggle and eat up an impact on the shoot for world-wide mobility in spite of appearance some(prenominal) organisation, but specifically in the result of VL as noned here. The main issue facing both this play along and any separate community looking to improve its international expansion and to cover that those working deep down the company is that they argon able to make the near of the opportunities rendered. For example, in the type of VL, the number of employees has nearly doubled in the further just about five social classs, many of whom work internationally as a way of ensuring continued growth within the company, yet this level of expansion pre directs potential problems that need to be tackled by the HR team, if the expansion is to be successful (Lawler, 2008).The issue of global mobility has already been noted by the solicitude team as being important in VL, with the factors associated with training, including culture and the general ethos of the company. Importantly in VL, the central location of London and europium remains the head office, with operations on that pointfore happening globally and feeding into the European offices. The aim is to institute the other locations in line with the overall European ethos, rather than to have several distinct groups crosswise the world (Gillis, 2012).The key issues which have been set in this one-on-one company include the need to enlistee and retain the outstrip staff in every location and to understand that the training recognises the cultural differences, without allowing for diff erent and distinct groups to emerge.This report will look at how the capabilities will be breached within the company and will consider the key strategic issues that need to be taken into account, before thusly going away on to look, in more detail at the role which HR can play in improving the impact of global mobility. Recommendations for next steps for both the HR team and the overall care team will then be established to conclude the report.Developing CapabilitiesWithin VL, it is identified that international activities will typically fall into two categories, namely the longer term 3 6 year projects and the shorter term 3 6 month projects that involve an individual propelling internationally to fulfil a short term agenda. The capabilities needed for these two different types of projects will be very different, and the capabilities needed by the individuals will to a fault be different to meet with the companys demands (Freedman 2009).Firstly, it is recognised here that a ccepted personnel are simply more likely to be open minded to global mobility and are in that locationfore more likely to benefit from the process. For example, there are going to be certain individuals within the group who would find international travel practically very difficult, including those with young children, but this should not inescapably re incite them from the pool of possible good deal, but rather should identify the additional take of these individuals. The first contest is therefore to identify the technical skills that are needed to narrow down the pool of available people and then to be able to narrow it down from this pool, to identify the personnel who will be most open to the experience. By making the identification process as comprehensive as possible, it is much more likely that the project will be a success. Although there are multiple ways in which capabilities can be developed by the HR team, fundamentally, the individuals themselves need to be open t o the process, if it is going to be as successful as possible (Friedman 2009).It is suggested here that the heart of the global mobility agenda is therefore the need to identify the most relevant group of people for the mobility programme, both from the point of view of technical expertise and the need to select those who are mentally and emotionally open to the notion of the global mobility and the desire to develop their own experiences.Clearly, there is a need to have processes followed, particularly where there is an organisation such as VL, operating across several different regions however, it is contended here that the company will not be best advised to have a set of inflexible policies which whitethorn not always allow for the individual personalities to adapt to the changing situations. The outgrowth of the bloodline capabilities is therefore to look at the people, process, technology and third parties concern and to ascertain the best way in which the HR services and resources available can be deployed for most effective use. Consider, for example, a demand for a specific type of technology it then needs to be determined whether the infrastructure in the location chosen is able to facilitate the appropriate technology (Schwartz,2011). From this position, it is then necessary to consider if the skills of the chosen individuals can weather this infrastructure and whether the processes allow for this type of development. All of these capabilities need to be developed as a network of ideas and not as one stand exclusively process that is clinical and inflexible (Becker et al 2009).Key Strategic IssuesSome strategic issues have been identified by the HR team as relevant to the notion of becoming globally mobile, as is the case in VL. Firstly, the HR team, as with any other wrinkle strategy needs to look at how the HR agenda can align correctly with the overall business strategy. The role of HR is to ensure that the suitably trained individuals ar e available and willing in whatever location is necessary to revert the underlying proposition of the company (Wickham & ODonohue 2009).The key strategic issue with global mobility is therefore to ensure that there is improved value being offered by the company as a result of the global mobility. This actually starts with the management team, before getting close to identifying relevant individuals who will facilitate this process. The strategy needs to be driven from the top. Furthermore, there is a need to balance sensible and consistent processes, while also ensuring that there is sufficient flexibility to deal with local and national differences (Harttig, 2010). This requires the correct people to be present and to have the adapted decision making power at every level of the organisation. In the case of VL, for example, a more senior member of the team may be suitable for the new countries, or for the long term assignments. Crucially, these individuals will have greater exper ience and more confidence when it comes to making on the spot decisions that are in line with the underlying business strategy but which do not change the direction of the business, fundamentally (Barney, et al 2011).Shorter term assignments will be subject to much greater control, in any event, as the individuals involved in delivering this service will typically be sent with a short term and specific agenda, with little room for manoeuvre. In this case, therefore, a more next-to-last member of staff, or a less adaptable individual who has the necessary technical expertise, but who may not be as adaptable to changing circumstances, may be more appropriate.The key strategic issues is therefore to determine the business level agenda and to then to ensure that the HR team working in such a way that facilitates and gestates this agenda, rather than producing a set of processes that are unwavering, with little flexibility offered at a local level, to change processes, in order to ta ke into account local needs. office of HRWhen looking at the position within VL, it s clear to see that HR have several vitally important roles at every stage of the process. Therefore, in order to encourage suitable results alongside the business strategy from the outset and prior to any actual attempts to become globally mobile, a company such as VL will need to have a higher level management meeting, including the HR manager, to discuss what it is the company is hoping to achieve overall. This should not necessarily be looking at HR issues, but rather what it is the company is hoping to achieve as an end result. For example, it may be the case that the company is looking towards the international arena as a means of increasing market share this may be more likely in an area where the product has reached saturation point in the rest home market. Once the overall agenda has been understood, it is then possible for the HR team to consider how they facilitate this. HR should be driv en by the underlying aim of the company and not by the needs of the HR team itself. By identifying the skills needed, the role of HR is to identify the relevant individuals amongst the existing team and to engage in suitable training or potentially to recruit people into the team to fill in any gaps (Schuler and Tarique, 2007).Once the global mobility structure is underway, the HR team will have a continuous certificate of indebtedness for the management of the team and for making sure that the actions of the staff who are in a foreign jurisdiction remain congruent with the overall business strategy This is critical as, by definition, when a global team is established, there is a lesser level of control being shown directly, with the individuals and the HR team needing to ensure that the support is in address for remote management which is flexible, yet strong enough to ensure that the overall business goal is not lost.The HR team will also have an important role at the practical end of global mobility strategy, particularly when it comes to short contracts where there are going to be issues of travel and accommodation which need to be managed. If this is done effectively, it can ensure that the staff members themselves are free to shorten on the task at hand. The role of HR in this case is very much as a facilitator, both in practical and strategic terms and this should be maintained at all times (Lazarova & Caligiuri 2001).Suggestions and Next StepsBearing this analysis sin mind and the current challenges facing VL, there are several next steps that the HR team need to take, in order to support and facilitate the business strategy aims of the company. Firstly, the HR team need to involve themselves with the management team, to understand what it is they are aiming to achieve by becoming global (Benson & Scroggins 2011).Once this is understood, the choice of personnel to undertake this global move can be made, both in terms of the senior strategic individ uals such as regional managers, as well as the team members who will facilitate this process. Selecting the correct people is going to be the main and arguably the most important role for the HR team, as they will need to be able to achieve the business strategy, but will also need to be sufficiently in person engaged and want to be part of the global move.Once the individuals have been selected, the HR team then need to ensure that the practical issues such as infrastructure are put in describe to enable these people to function effectively and to ensure that there is at least some union in processes across the company. When global mobility is focussed on processes, difficulties can arise however, this is not to say that there is going to be no consistence. Ultimately, it is the role of the HR team to set the boundaries and to ensure sufficient consistency for efficiency, without undue constraints (Wright, & McMahan 2011).Going forward, therefore, the HR team need to ensure that they are fully engaged with the business strategy and then focussing their work on achieving this strategy, rather than being process driven, which is likely to place constraints that will not be beneficial to the company. An ongoing and adaptable process is needed, with the HR team being central to facilitating this move, both initially and on an ongoing basis.ReferencesBarney, J., Ketchen, D. J., & Wright, M. (2011). The future of resource-based theory Revitalization or declinejournal of attention, 37(5), 1299-1315.Becker, B., Beatty, D., & Huselid, M. (2009). identify Workforce Transforming Talent into Strategic Impact Harvard Business School Press Books.Benson, P. G., & Scroggins, W. A. (2011). The theoretical grounding of international human resource management Advancing practice by advancing conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), 159-161.Freedman, E. (2009). Optimizing Workforce Planning Processes. People & Strategy, 32(3), 9-10.Friedman, B. A. (2009). Human resource management role Implications for corporate reputation. Corporate theme Review, 12(3), 229-244.Gerhart, B., & Fang, M. (2005). National culture and human resource management Assumptions and evidence. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(6), 971-986.Gillis, J., jr. (2012). Global leadership development An analysis of talent management, company types and job functions, personality traits and competencies, and learning and development methods. 72,Harttig, M. A. M. A. (2010). Global Workforce Planning. Benefits & Compensation International, 40(1), 19.Iles, P., Chuai, X., & Preece, D. (2010). Talent Management and HRM in Multinational companies in Beijing Definitions, Differences and drivers. Journal of World Business, 45(2), 179.Lawler, E. E., III. (2008). Talent Making people your competitive advantage. San Francisco, CA US Jossey-Bass.Lazarova, M., & Caligiuri, P. (2001). Retaining Repatriates The Role of Organizational apply Practices. Journal o f World Business, 36(4), 389.Schuler, R. S., & Tarique, I. (2007). International human resource management a North American perspective, a thematic update and suggestions for future research. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(5), 717-744.Schwartz, A. (2011). Leadership development in a global environment lessons learned from one of the worlds largest employers. Industrial & Commercial Training, 43(1), 13-16Wickham, M., & ODonohue, W. (2009). Developing employer of choice status Exploring an employment marketing mix. Organization Development Journal, 27(3), 77-95.Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (2011). Exploring human capital displace human back into strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(2), 93-104.

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the States felt the postulate to move towards the idea of foreign policy from 1895 to 1920 their success was a combination of idealism and self-interest. Both were authoritative in the decision to venture egressside of U. S borders. the States expanded due to r atomic number 18fied contemplate such as The White Mans Burden, Religious motivation, a social contract with the westward Hemisphere and the Spanish Ameri fag end War. However, self interest offered more of a substantial force with the Statess desire for a stronger Navy, foreign market, queen, soak, and the influences of the Roosevelt Corollary.When both ideas are combined they create one of the come along influential and globally shaping decisions of our world. Americas decision to expand their foreign policy influenced their idealistic views. America especially felt the need to dish up the less fortunate and successful nations in the westward hemisphere, which is called the White Mans Burden. This is described i n (Docu handst C). This poem shows the feelings of the Ameri freighter race, the poems sanguine tone and uplifting deterrent examplee portrays the justification the colonization of less developed and successful countries.Many of Americas missionaries decided to leave the land of the free and help other countries and their populations through education and the gospel. Missionaries were sent out to spread their religion and to help people who were not as fortunate as others. American men and women set up schools and hospitals in SE Asia and taught children the basic principles of science and math. (Document D) shows a picture of American missionaries teaching method in China. Citizens of the government served as inspiration for the expansion of its foreign policy.America was caught in a feeling of moral obligation to its western countries. It then became morally bound to help those in eons of need. The government became stuck in their good deeds. It was difficult to maintain its policy of individualism with this moral arrangement. The Spanish American War was a main factor that led America to gain foreign policy. While Cuba was struggling for independence in the late 1890s, the Spanish created a form of concentration camps in response to the revolts to keep prisoners from assisting the rebels.They believed that if they kept the citizens in these camps, they could not mount a large enough force to overthrow Spanish power. Over the time of the camps habitation, approximately a third of all prisoners were killed by the time of the camps liberation. America felt obligated to assist the Cubans due to their burden of the white man, pushing their foreign policy higher. America was given no select they were forced to break down their wall of individualism. This was the impetus for Americas colonial expansion.Shortly after their adventures in Cuba, America gained both Puerto Rico and the Philippines. On the other hand, self-interest, a powerful and influential fact or, influenced America greatly. America was thus far on the rise to becoming a world power one requirement for a world power is a powerful and efficient Navy. America had the potential to become a sea power but it lacked power on the global stage. Americas Navy was centralized near the motherland their navy had to be present in all waters across the earth. America mandatory ports around the globe to refuel and re-supply.By creating ports around the world, America expanded itself and became a created a global presence. in like manner a big problem in the early 1900s was overproduction, farmers continued to create more product than they could sell. This can be largely contributed to Americas lack of a foreign market. The American people unaccompanied were too small to consume all of the products. This need for foreign investors drove the Americans to expand for economic purposes. This can be shown by the excerpt in (Document B). An introduction of foreign consumers brought an inf lux of variety and mixture of products.America was still standing outside of the world power circle peering in. This created a desire and want from the American people to become a world leader and global power. Greed for power pushed Americans to become more ravening and assertive on the world stage. Americans saw the addition of colonies as a way to gain power and recognition on the world stage this led to the colonization of Puerto Rico and the Philippines, some of Americas expansion is shown in (Documents E and F). unitary thing was for sure, America had war pride, it was the citizens duty to prove their success in war.This pride that they felt is shown in (Document A), where it states Anew consciousness seems to have come upon us- the consciousness of strength-and with it a new appetite, the anxious to show our strength An example can be found in the events following the publication of the De capital of Togo letter. Enrique Dupuy de Lome, who was the Spanish and Cuban Ministe r, wrote the letter. The letter stated that president McKinley was weak. The Americans found this offensive and shortly after its publication, the Spanish and Americans were at war. Document G) exhibits how Americans were done with their peripheral lifestyle they were tired of being the little guy. The influences of the Roosevelt corollary were drastic and obvious. The promulgation showed Americas intentions and exhibited the fact that America was ready to expand and come out of its isolationist cocoon. It served as a message to the world that America had arrived on the global stage. However, Americas arrival on the world stage wasnt without struggle. This struggle can be shown through (Document H). The political cartoon depicts the U. S.A connective happily with, or marrying, foreign entanglements through the League of Nations. It also depicts the U. S Senate objecting to the marriage showing that Americas decision to become a world power wasnt without struggle or objection. The latent hostility between what the people wanted and what the Senate wanted was on opposite spectrums. The people gained the win even though the Senate claimed it was against the Constitution. Obviously the push to expand Americas foreign policy cannot be attributed to idealism or self-interest alone. A combination of both created a push to leave the comforts of our borders.One is not more important than the other they alone would not have achieved what is achieved today. This push created one of the largest current powers on the globe. One has to think where would we be today if President Roosevelt and the American people had decided to stay isolated. America truly changed the name of the game by coming out of their bubble and stepping into the world. In retrospect Foreign polity was not achieved through one thing, Foreign policy is like any good casserole there are many ingredients and varying measurements of each.

Gender Discriminiation

sex activity Discrimination through Nipponese Language Gender divergence can be observed through some(prenominal) detailors within a specific culture. These factors include, a persons position within the family, social class, call of run-in, and religious beliefs. I am going to focus on language and its cultural significance within Japanese connection. By studying language, you can see the sexuality expectations Japanese women experience everyday. However, language can be used to identify the transformation of women throughout the changing structure of words.The language used to communicate within a culture helps us to understand wherefore Japanese culture functions the way that it does, and how language determines the roles of a man and a cleaning woman. There exists a stamp that Japanese women ar submissive and subject to the patriarchal system. However, this was not the experience that I instal. I found it interesting that many women in articles and interviews I ha d found featuring Japanese women had defied my initial expectations of the typical woman. This unexampled woman never liked to cook for anyone other than herself, loved to travel, and hoped to move on to graduate school.In my opinion, independence defies woebegone and submissive heartsickness, including a life dedicated to gender role expectations I. E a woman armed service a man. Along with the stereotype of remaining submissive and subject to the patriarchal system, I understood that to mean that Japanese women rarely put a word in matters such as higher education and the workforce. at a time however, there are Japanese women who live alone, cook for themselves, and study in higher education. These are exclusively characteristics that support strong and independent women of 21st century Japan that have a life orthogonal of the family.And since the Law for Equal Employment Opportunity of Men and Women in 1986, the social standing of women greatly improved. notwithstanding th is, gender discrimination still exists in Japan. It is important to understand why, and how the cultural significance of Japanese language contributes to this discrimination. First you have to ask do all cultures have the same element of gender discrimination through language? Not quite. If you compare the attitudes of both Chinese and Japanese speakers, you could start to sense and heart a difference between the ii languages.The Japanese-Jose equivalent to Chinese could most likely be considered noblewoman talk, as mentioned above. Although there are similarities within each language, there is no equivalent built-in-structure of Jose and danseuse to Chinese language, instead it is more(prenominal) the context of word choice and intonation. This leads us to believe that Japanese does in fact carry gender discrimination throughout language alone. Japanese Womens Language, mandible, is a style of speech is affiliated with tradition and culture and is seen as uniquely Japanese, sh owing the beauty and femininity of the Japanese woman.JOWL has been a bump of Japanese culture and tradition long enough to where this style of speech remains in Japanese society today. A likely source of JOWL is from Japans period of modernization. With modernization came the glorification of the traditionalistic rarified women, arroyos combo shush (good wife, good mother). Interestingly enough, after World state of war II, this concept was pushed even further. JOWL was used to serve as a tool in integrating women into the national culture, making them more likely to submit.The goal here was to reinforce gender roles by regulating language in put to unify the people during the war. In this case, history has largely contributed to gender discrimination. The overpayment powers of Japan did this by creating a ultranationalistic pathway to freedom by taking away the freedom of language. The government plays a major role in defining language restrictions/rules also. Although histo ry shapes the platform on which language and gender roles are built, there are a variety of changes and factors that can be seen through modern society.Solo characters are usually younger and use young peoples language more often. This lack of feminine language rejects old gender roles. Even with these two possibilities, women are trying to convey a message. That they are changing, or have a desire to change, from traditional gender roles to an age of freedom. Education is key in making this change possible. Before World War II, education was centered around the good wife, good mother, mentality while instructing the youth towards nationalism.Educated men and women are sprouting from these changing educational institutions, and with them, new gender expectations of the 21st century. Whether these women know it or not, they are promoting the modern woman by Just adopting a new style of language. There still remain many deep-seated issues within gender discrimination and language that will be difficult to escape. However, by recognizing that it is an issue, society is one step closer to breaking it down.

Prison Life and Strategies to Decrease Recidivism Research Paper

Prison Life and Strategies to Decrease Recidivism - interrogation Paper ExampleOne of the concerns that a person encounters upon entering prison is the lack of freedom to look to the wellness business organization provider one desires. The condition inside prison cells, such as congested spaces, limited movement, the mixture of cultures, etc. might have a toll upon the mental and physical health of an inmate. Thus, adequate health service must be provided inside the prison so that the health of the prisoner can be adequately managed. The Bureau of Prisons provides four levels of medical care to which inmates are assigned by the Designation and Sentence Computation Center (DSCC) based on the information gathered from the investigation report. Upon comer at the facility, the provisional care for the inmate is reviewed by the prison clinicians. Non-provisional care is assigned depending on the need of the inmate, which takes into consideration the ability to function without assist ance from another (Ellis, 2008). Provision of medical care to inmates also varies depending meter or status of the case. Thus, inmates whose sentence has not been read, those with the sentence below 12 months, or pre-trial inmates are not eligible to medically appropriate-not always necessary health service, limited medical value, as well as extraordinary service. Some categories of illnesses such as cancer, HIV, diabetes, etc. may also determine the type of care that may be given to the inmate.The medical services provided by the Bureau are determined by the following levels of medical intervention.

Social Discount Rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Discount order - Essay ExampleThe discount gait which is used in financial calculations is usually chosen to be equal to the cost of enceinte. Some adjustment may be made to the discount appraise to take account of risks associated with uncertain cashflows, with other developments.Evaluating an investment check bunghole require the use of approaches designed to integrate the consideration of the flexibility and uncertainties associated with the investment opportunity under prove (Robert Wilson, 1982). Regardless of the approach adopted, a project evaluation, based on deterministic hypotheses, is nonetheless inevitable at some given moment. The problem that arises is the choice of the conventional method which helps to determine the project value with due integrating of the financial support related aspects. As B strongey and Myers (Robert Wilson, 1982) show it, various methods can be used, including standard WACC, Arditti-Levy, equity respite and adjusted present val ue. Historically, with certain assumptions, the unanimity of these methods has been demonstrated by comparing them in pairs by Robert Wilson, 1982. However, this consistency could also suggest the existence of a single approach underlying these different methods, and from which they could all derive.The NPV is greatly affected by the discount rate, so selecting the proper rate - sometimes called the hurdle rate - is sarcastic to making the right decision. The hurdle rate is the minimum acceptable return on an investment. It should reflect the riskiness of the investment, typically measured by the volatility of cash flows, and must take into account the financing coalesce (Ross,1976). Managers may use models such as the CAPM or the APT to estimate a discount rate appropriate for each particular project, and use the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to reflect the financing mix selected. A common practice in choosing a discount rate for a project is to apply a WACC that appli es to the entire firm. Some believe that a higher discount rate is more(prenominal) appropriate when a projects risk is different from the risk of the firm as a whole(Ross,1976).In capital budgeting the correct risk adjusted discount rate for future cash flows is independent of whether the flow is a cost or a revenue. Contrary to a widely disseminated view in some frequent textbooks and elsewhere, costs are not especially safe (nor risky), and accordingly costs should not be discounted at especially low risk adjusted discount order (Robert, 1998).Three Methods for Determining Discount Rates1. The historical approach One approach to find discount rates is to assume that the average rate which has been observed in the past will continue into the future. Typically, those who use this approach rely on the touchable interest rates which have been reported over a decade. What analysis of these rates indicates is that real rates were fairly stable over the period 1950-1970, at approxim ately 3 percent. During the oil crisis, of the early 1970s, real interest rat

The Future of Cybersecurity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Future of Cyber protective covering - Essay ExampleAs we shit seen $14 billion has been invested by the U.S federal government to empower its earnest sector (Amoroso & Amoroso, 2007). This research aims to dish up some of the important questions that are associated with cyber security. In this scenario, this paper attempts to answer the questions such as what changes need to decease in the cyber security industry of the future and why. And is cyber security becoming more important to national security than the security of kinetic weaponry? The outburst of Cyber Assault The countries which are lively attacking United States allow in China and Russia. In fact, the chances of cyber security attacks hand over increased to a huge extent from these two nations because of their airplane pilot revival in the global economy. The United States has been accusing both China and Russia of current attacks that the United States has been experiencing. The current technological advanceme nt has greatly influenced several nations which have mainly exposed China, United States, UK and Bangladesh. It is quite pass judgment that physical defense associated with countries particularly talking about USA will be affected which mainly with cyber terrors. Threats for controlling systems can be associated from various resources especially antagonistic governments, terrorist associations (staysafeonline.org, 2013). Additionally, for ensuring confidentiality and covert in the informatics, it is exceedingly recommended that at that place should be a national level association to demeanor the in vogue studies and prepare reports on issues in the works at the crossroads of cyber attacks and privacy, society level suggested boards that would help speak to these issues from local or community perspectives. In addition, there is also a risk that even the restricted public cyber attacks that have been modeled after the ethics committees to take in hand the explicit situations conc erning health data and privacy should be working in order to preserve the restrictions related to the field of cyber security. In this scenario, some of the major suggestions regarding implementation of security measures to deal with these cyber attacks include adopting the restricted, well defined, well practiced and fruitful public security requirements, including a focused assessment of security attentiveness for all public systems, and contemplation for split patronage of the work compulsory to achieve ample security. It is an admitted fact that securing the rights of the people and retaining their due confidence is the responsibility interpreted up by the government and this has been very intensely regulated by institutions (govtrack.us, 2012). President Obama perception on Cyber Attacks A Cyber security executive orders were issued by the president of the U.S.A, Barack Obama, drew the attention by proposing policies that could defend the sphere from the current torment of c yber attacks

Biography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biography - Assignment ExampleSamantha has evermore thought its very relaxing and relieving, while also efficiently preparing her body, mind and soul for daunting tasks ahead. Samantha enjoys biking too, alongside other hobbies such as camping. In addition, she loves to sit and enjoy a game of football, baseball, basketball, or hockey either live or on television. In the course of this affection, she has inadvertently fallen in love with a couple of sports teams whose matches she has lately found nearly impossible to miss. She loves cheering her teams on and reveling in the glory and ecstasy of a victorious duel. But nothing bites the heart like a dearie team getting a current hammering from the opponents. In addition, the banters from the opposing fans after such games unremarkably tend to transform into stuff of nightmares for Samantha.Over the years, Samantha has come to appreciate the joy of a good read. tally to her, books educate, books entertain, books inform and books i ncrease ones wisdom. She loves to explore a variety of genres, be it academic, fictional, poetry, short stories, history, real life she will cherish them. She is the kind that takes their time with books, partly why she intends to have her own personalised library collection in the comfort of her home in the future. She takes her time and patience to enjoy what the cause is trying to say and the way in which they put their messages across and hence she can take as yet a whole month on a single novel against the wasteful habit of yarn a great, once-in-a-lifetime piece in an unnecessary haste. She prefers hard copies as she finds e-books rather un-enjoyable and uncomfortable.Everyone would tell you that one of the greatest pleasures of life is travelling (travelling to new places, meeting new people, striking new relationships and sampling the beauty of the world). Samantha couldnt agree

Virtual Perceptorship Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Perceptorship Nursing - Essay ExampleFrom the choose, nonable findings were that over the prove period, women above 35 years amplificationd their rate of delivery by over 84 % part for women above 40 years, their deliveries increased by over 100% The prevalence of smoking in women rock-bottom from 32.7% in 1988 to below 25.1% in 2001 prevalence of women below 20 years remained almost the same during the pack period at 50% there was an increase in the proportion of women with a pre pregnancy freight gain of over 90 kilograms over the study period There was a also an increase in proportion of women with a pregnancy weight gain over the study period. Finally, nulliparity increased importantly over the study period. From the study, the research team concluded that, dramatic changes have occurred in maternal(p) characteristics in Nova Scotia, over the years between 1988 and 2001. From the foreseen changes, it is evident that these changes are on-going. The research team a lso concluded that, if these maternal characteristics continue changing into the future, it is going to affect perinatal health and obstetric practice. This is because maternal characteristics are cognise indices of obstetric practice, perinatal mortality and morbidity (Bianco, 1996). Research Critique This research has been done proficiently and effectively. The age period that the research team used was sufficient enough to attain the necessary results and possible conclusions. The study was conducted on Nova Scotia women in a time period of 14 years. This long period of time chosen has do the research proficient in the sense that it gave the research team sufficient time to crumble the chosen maternal characteristics which are useful indices of obstetric practice and perinatal care. Another factor that has made the research proficient is that women chosen were of varying age groups. This has enabled the research team to avoid bias in their findings since one finding may be c haracteristic of a particular age group and not the other. For example, smoking prevalence was assessed in women below 20 years and those above 35 years. It was found that the prevalence did not change much over the 14 year period in women below 20 years while it increased tremendously in women above 35 years. The info of the study is authorized and this has ensured that the findings are consistent with the usable data. The representative sample chosen was women in Nova Scotia who had given birth between 1988 and 2001. The data was obtained from the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database (NSAPD), a reputable organization that has for years collected accurate data on births in Nova Scotia since 1988. Its personnel are well trained so that there are no errors during data collection exercises. As a result of this, findings on the study are highly accurate and up to date, and they represent the reality on the ground. The reported findings from the study in Nova Scotia are consistent wi th information available on the subject matter. More recently, studies in western countries indicate that maternal characteristics are changing, and this trend is perturbing health care experts (Edwards, 1996). For example, pre pregnancy weight gain has been observed to increase in various women, and this is torment because adverse weight gains in pregnancy are associated with adverse birth outcomes. Recent findings assert that